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Assistant Professor, Chemistry Department

Professor Flood received his B.S. degree in 1996 and his Ph.D. in 2001 from the University of Otago. He was a Postdoctoral Scholar at the University of California in Los Angeles, from 2001 to 2004.

To date, he has authored over 50 journal articles, 3 book chapters and has made more than 50 invited and contributed presentations at national and international conferences in the field of supramolecular chemistry. He has served on the organizing committee for two international conferences including a Special Symposium on Molecular Machines at the Materials Research Society meeting in Spring 2008. He received an Indiana University Trustees Teaching Award  in 2008.

Research

Read about Professor Amar Flood's research here.

Publications

2009

Li, Y.; Vander Griend, D. A.; Flood, A. H., Modelling triazolophane – halide binding equilibria using Sivvu analysis of UV – vis titration data recorded under medium binding conditions, Supramolec. Chem. 2009, in press.

McNitt, K. A.; Parimal, K.; Share, A. I.; Fahrenbach, A. C.; Witlicki, E. H.; Pink, M.; Bediako, D. K.; Plaisier, C. L.; Le, N.; Heeringa, L. P.; Vander Griend, D. A.; Flood, A. H., Reduction of a redox-active ligand drives switching in a Cu(I) pseudorotaxane by a bimolecular mechanism, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, ASAP. DOI

Zheng, Y. B.; Yang, Y-W.; Jensen, L.; Fang, L.; Juluri, B. K.; Flood, A. H.; Weiss, P. S.; Stoddart, J. F.; Huang, T. J., Active Molecular Plasmonics: Controlling Plasmon Resonances with Molecular Switches, Nano Lett. 2009, 9, ASAP. DOI

2008

Li, Y.; Pink, M.; Karty, J. A.; Flood, A. H., Dipole-Promoted and Size-Dependent Cooperativity between Pyridyl-Containing Triazolophanes and Halides Leads to Persistent Sandwich Complexes with Iodide, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 17293-17295. DOI

Koshkakaryan, G.; Parimal, K.; He, J.; Zhang, X.; Abliz, Z.; Flood, A. H.; Liu, Y., pi-Stacking Enhanced Dynamic and Redox-Switchable Self-Assembly of Donor-Acceptor Metallo-[2]Catenanes from Diimide Derivatives and Crown Ethers, Chem. Eur. J. 2008, 14, 10211-10218. DOI

Li, Y.; Flood, A. H., “Strong, size-selective, and electronically-tunable C–H•••halide binding with steric control over aggregation from synthetically modular, shape-persistent [34]triazolophanes, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 12111-12122. DOI

Li, Y.; Flood, A. H., "Pure CH hydrogen bonding to chloride ions: A pre-organized and rigid macrocyclic receptor," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 2649-2652. DOI.

Li, Y.; Flood, A. H., "Pure CH hydrogen bonding to chloride ions: A pre-organized and rigid macrocyclic receptor," Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, online Early View .

2007

Saha, S.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Impellizzeri, S.; Silvi, S.; Venturi, M.; Credi, A., "A redox-driven multicomponent molecular shuttle," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 12159-12171.

Ikeda, T.; Saha, S.; Aprahamian, I.; Leung, K. C.-F.; Williams, A.; Deng, W. Q.; Flood, A.H.; Goddard, W. A.; Stoddart, J.F., "Toward electrochemically controllable tristable three-station [2]catenanes," Chem. Asian J. 2007, 2, 76-93.

Nygaard, S.; Laursen, B. W.; Hansen, T. S.; Bond, A. D.; Flood, A. H.; Jeppesen, J. O., "Preparation of cyclobis(paraquat- p -phenylene)-based [2]rotaxanes without flexible glycol chains", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6093-6097.

Nygaard, S.; Hansen, S. W.; Huffman, J. C.; Jensen, F.; Flood, A. H.; Jeppesen, J. O. "Two Classes of Alongside Charge-Transfer Interactions Defined in One [2]Catenane," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 7354-7363.

Li, Y.; Huffman, J. C.; Flood, A. H. "Can Terdentate 2,6-Bis(1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl)Pyridines form Stable Coordination Compounds?" Chem. Commun. 2007, 2692-2694.

Nygaard, S.; Liu, Y.; Stein, P. C.; Flood, A. H.; Jeppesen, J. O. "Using Molecular Force to Overcome Steric Barriers in a Spring-Like Molecular Ouroborous," Adv. Funct. Mat. 2007, 17, 751-762.

Nygaard, S.; Leung, K. C.-F.; Aprahamian, I.; Ikeda, T.; Saha, S.; Laursen, B. W.; Kim, S.-Y.; Hansen, S. W.; Stein, P. C.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Jeppesen, J. O., "Functionally Rigid Bistable [2]Rotaxanes," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 960-970.

Bunker, B. C.; Huber, D. L.; Kushmerick, J. G.; Dunbar, T.; Kelly, M.; Matzke, C.; Cao, J.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Perkins, J.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F. "Switching Surface Chemistry with Supramolecular Machines," Langmuir 2007, 23, 31-34.

Flood, A. H.; McAdam, C. J.; Gordon, K. C.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Manning, A. M.; Robinson, B. H.; Simpson, J. "Electronic Stucture and Near-IR Transitions of FcC2R and FcC4R Dyads," Polyhedron 2007, 26, 448-455.

2006

Nygaard, S.; Flood, A. H.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Bond, A. D. " Cis - and Trans -Bis(2-cyanoethylsulfanyl)(decane-1,10-diyldithio)Tetrathiafulvalene," Acta. Cryst. C 2006, 62, 677-680.

Leung, K. C. F.; Mendes, P. M.; Magonov, S. N.; Northrop, B. H.; Kim, S.; Patel, K.; Flood, A. H.; Tseng, H.-R.; Stoddart, J. F. "Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Dendronized Polymers: Reversible Control of the Polymer Architectures through Acid-Base Reactions" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 129, 10707-10715.

Huang, T.-J.; Flood, A. H.; Brough, B.; Liu, Y.; Bonvallet, P. A.; Kang, S.; Chu, C.-W.; Guo, T.-Z.; Lu, W.; Yang, Y.; Stoddart, J. F.; Ho, C.-H., "Understanding and Harnessing Biomimetic Molecular Machines for NEMS Actuation Materials," IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering 2006, 3, 254-259.

Arico, F.; Badjic, J. D.; Cantrill, S. J.; Flood, A. H.; Leung, K. C. F.; Liu, Y.; Stoddart J. F. "Templated Synthesis of Interlocked Molecules," in Templates in Chemistry Top. Curr. Chem. Eds: Dötz, F. Vogtle, K. Schalley, Springer Verlag, 2006, 249, 203-259.

Flood, A. H.; Nygaard, S.; Laursen, B. W.; Hansen, C.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Stoddart, J. F., "Locking Down the Electronic Structure of (Monopyrrolo)tetrathiafulvalene in [2]Rotaxanes," Org. Lett. 2006, 8, 2205-2208.

Moonen, N. N. P.; Flood, A. H,; Fernandez, J. M.; Stoddart, J. F., "Towards a Rational Design of Molecular Switches and Sensors from their Basic Building Blocks," Top. Curr. Chem. 2006, 262, 99-132.

Balzani, V.; Clemente-León, M.; Credi, A.; Ferrer, B.; Venturi, M.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart J. F., "An Autonomous Artificial Nanomotor Powered by Sunlight," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006, 103, 1178-1183.

Flood, A. H.; Wong, E. W.; Stoddart, J. F., "Models of charge transport and transfer in molecular switch tunnel junctions of bistable catenanes and rotaxanes" Chem. Phys. 2006, 324, 280-290. (Special Issue dedicated to Professor Noel S Hush, February 28, 2006)

Nygaard, S.; Laursen, B. W.; Flood, A. H; Hansen, C.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Stoddart, J. F., "Quantifying the Working Stroke of Tetrathiafulvalene Based Electrochemically Driven Linear Motor-Molecules," Chem. Commun. 2006, 144-146.

Choi, J. W.; Flood, A. H.; Steuerman, D. W.; Nygaard, S.; Braunschweig, A.; Moonen, N. N. P.; Laursen, B. W.; Luo, Y.; DeIonno, E.; Peters, A. J.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Xu, K.; Stoddart, J. F.; Heath, J. R., "Ground State Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Switching Kinetics of Bistable [2]Rotaxane Switched in Solution, Polymer Gels, and Molecular Electronic Devices," Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 261-279.

2005

Jang, S. S.; Jang, Y. H.; Kim, Y.-H.; Goddard, W. A.; Choi, J. W.; Heath, J. R.; Laursen, B. W.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F., "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Amphiphilic Bistable [2]Rotaxane Langmuir Monolayer at Air/Water Interface," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14804-14816.

Huang, T.-J.; Liu, Liu, Y.; Brough, B.; Flood, A,. H.; Bonvallet, P. A.; Tseng, H.-R.; Baller, M.; Magonov, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; Ho, C.-H. "A nano-chemo-mechanical actuator based on artificial molecular machines," Tech. Dig. - IEEE Int. Conf. Micro Electro Mech. Syst., 18th, 2005, 871-874.

Liu, Y.; Saha, S.; Vignon, S. A.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F., "Template-Directed Syntheses of Configurable and Reconfigurable Molecular Switches," Synthesis-Stuttgart 2005, 3437-3445.

Norgaard, K.; Laursen, B. W.; Nygaard, S.; Kjaer, K.; Tseng, H.-R.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Bjornholm, T., "Structural Evidence for Redox-Controlled Mechanical Switching in Condensed Monolayers of Amphiphilic Bistable Rotaxane Molecules," Angew Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 7035-7039.

Garaudée, S.; Silvi, S.; Venturi, M.; Credi, A.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F., "Shuttling Dynamics in an Acid-Base-Switchable [2]Rotaxane", ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 2145-2152.

Saha, S.; Johanson, L. E.; Flood, A. H.; Bonvallet, P.; Tseng, H.-R.; Shen, C.; Rubin, Y.; Zink, J. I.; Stoddart, J. F., "A Nanoscale Power Supply Utilizing a Photoactive Molecular Triad to Generate a Photo-Voltage and Operate a Supramolecular Machine," Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 6846-6858.

Nguyen, T; Tseng, H.-R.; Celestre, P. C.; Flood, A. H.; Liu, Y.; Zink, J. I.; Stoddart, J. F. "A Reversible Molecular Valve" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, 102, 10029-10034.

Liu, Y., Flood, A. H. Bonvallet, P. A.; Vignon A. S.; Northrup, B.; Tseng. H.-R.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Huang, T. J.; Brough, B.; Baller, M.; Magonov, S.; Solares, S.; Goddard, W. A.; Ho, C.-M.; Stoddart, J. F., "Linear Artificial Molecular Muscles," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 9745-9759.

Deng, W.-Q.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Goddard III, W. A., "Electronic Paper Display Based on a Tristable [2]Catenane," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 15994-15995.

Howell, S. L.; Scott, S. M.; Flood, A. H.; Gordon, K. C., "The Effect of Reduction on Rhenium(I) Complexes with Binaphthyridine and Biquinoline Ligands: A Spectroscopic and Computational Study," J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 3745-3753.

Mendes, P. M.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F., "Molecular Electronic Devices from Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers" Appl. Phys. A, 2005, 80, 1197-1209.

Saha, S.; Johanson, L. E.; Flood, A. H.; Tseng, H.-R.; Zink, J. I.; Stoddart, J. F. "Powering a Supramolecular Machine with a Photoactive Molecular Triad," Small 2005, 1, 87-90.

Jang, S. S.; Jang, Y.H.; Kim. Y.-H.; Goddard, W. A.; Flood, A. H.; Laursen, B. W.; Tseng, H.-R.; Stoddart, J. F.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Choi, J. W.; Steuerman, D. W.; DeIonno, E.; Heath, J. R., "Self-Assembled Monolayer of the Heath-Stoddart Type Bistable [2]Rotaxane on Au(111) Surface: Molecular Dynamics Simulation Approach," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005 127, 1563-1575.

Liu, Y.; Muscovitz, R.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Eur. J. 2005, 11, 369-385.

2004

Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Steuerman, D. W.; Heath, J. R., "Whence Molecular Electronics" Science 2004, 306, 2055-2056.

Flood, A. H.; Peters, A. J.; Vignon, S. A.; Steuerman, D. W.; Tseng, H.-R.; Kang, S.; Heath, J. R.; Stoddart, J. F., "The Role of Physical Environment on Molecular Electromechanical Switching", Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 6558-6561.

Steuerman, D. W.; Tseng, H.-R.; Peters, A. J.; Flood, A. H.; Jeppesen, J. O.; Nielsen, K. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Heath, J. R., "Molecular Mechanical Switch-Based Solid-State Electrochromic Devices" Angew Chem. Int. Ed . 2004, 43, 6486-6491.

Huang, T. J.; Brough, B.; Ho, C.-M.; Liu, Y.; Flood A, H.; Bonvallet, P.; Tseng, H.-R.; Stoddart, J. F.; Baller, M.; Magonov, S., "From Artificial Molecular Motors to Functional Nanomechanical Devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 85, 5391-5393.

Huang, T. J.; Tseng, H.-R.; Sha, L.; Lu, W.; Brough, B.; Flood, A. H.; Yu, B.-D.; Celestre, P. C.; Chang, J. P.; Stoddart, J. F.; Ho, C.-M. "Mechanical Shuttling of Linear Motor-Molecules in Condensed Phases on Solid Substrates," Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 2065-2071.

Lee, I. C.; Frank, C. W.; Yamamoto, T.; Tseng, H.-R.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F.; Jeppesen, J. O., "Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Amphiphilic Bistable Rotaxanes," Langmuir 2004, 20, 5809-5828.

Liu, Y.; Flood, A. H.; Stoddart, J. F., "Thermally- and Electrochemically-Controllable Self-Complexing Molecular Switches," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 9150-9151.

Polson, M. I. J.; Howell, S. L.; Flood, A. H.; Burrell, A. K.; Blackman, A. G.; Gordon, K. C., "Synthesis and Electronic Properties of Mononuclear Osmium(II) and Rhenium(I) Complexes Containing Ligands Derived from [2,3-a:3',2'-c]dipyridophenazine (ppb)," Polyhedron 2004, 23, 1427-1439.

Flood, A. H.; Ramirez, R. J. A.; Deng, W.-Q.; Muller, R. P.; Goddard, W. A.; Stoddart, J. F., "Meccano on the Nanoscale - A Blueprint for making Some of the World's Tiniest Machines," Aust. J. Chem. 2004, 57, 301-322.

2003

Morgan, J. L.; Flood, A. H.; Gordon, K. C.; Robinson, B. H.; Simpson, J., "Rhenium Carbonyl Complexes of 2,6-Diazaanthracene-9,10-dione(daad): Spectroelectrochemistry of BrRe(CO)(4)daad," J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 675, 57-64.

Morgan, J. L.; Flood, A.; Gordon, K. C.; Kjaergaard, H. G.; Robinson, B. H.; Simpson, J., "2,6-Diazaanthracene-9,10-dione and its Radical Anion-A Structural and Spectroscopic Investigation," Aust. J. Chem. 2003, 56, 607-614.

2002

Sherbourne, J. R.; Page, S. E.; Flood, A.; Polson, M. I. J.; Gordon, K. C., "Resonance Raman Spectroelectrochemistry, using a Raman OTTLE Cell, of Molybdenum Tetracarbonyl Complexes with Polypyridine Ligands," Asian J. Spectros. 2002, 6, 169-177.

Gordon, K. C.; Burrell, A. K.; Simpson, T. J.; Page, S. E.; Kelso, G.; Polson, M. I. J.; Flood, A., "Probing the Nature of the Redox Products and Lowest Excited State of [(bpy)2Ru( m -bptz)Ru(bpy)2]4+: A Resonance Raman Study," Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 554-563.

Page, S. E.; Flood, A.; Gordon, K. C., "Electron Localisation in Electrochemically Reduced Mono- and Bi-Nuclear Rhenium(I) Complexes with Bridged Polypyridyl Ligands,"   J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2002, 1180-1187.

Matthewson, B. J.; Flood, A.; Polson, M. I. J.; Armstrong, C.; Phillips, D. L.; Gordon, K. C., "Vibrational Spectra of Dipyrido[3,2-a : 2 ',3 '-c]phenazine and its Radical Anion Analyzed by Ab Initio Calculations and Deuteration Studies," Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 2002, 75, 933-942.

Flood, A.; Girling, R.; Hester, R.; Moore, J.; Gordon, K. C.; Polson, M. I. J., "Revealing the Chromophoric Composition of Multichromophoric Polypyridyl Complexes of Re(I) and Os(II): A Resonance Raman Study," J. Raman Spectrosc. 2002, 33, 434-442.

2000

Waterland, M. R.; Flood, A.; Gordon, K. C., "Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited-States in Binuclear Copper(I) Complexes. Tuning MLCT Excited-States through Structural Modification of Bridging Ligands. A Resonance Raman Study," J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 2, 121-127.

Babaei, A.; Brooksby, P. A.; Flood, A.; McQuillan, A. J., "ATR Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry of the Reduction Products of Anthraquinonesulfonates in Aqueous Solutions," Appl. Spectrosc. 2000, 54, 496-501.

Awards

• Indiana University Trustees Teaching Award, 2008
• Postdoctoral Scholar, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001-2004

Highlights